Uttarakhand

Garhwal and Kumaon kingdoms, colonial hill stations and the Uttarakhand state movement shaped its formation in 2000. Garhwal and Kumaon followed different dynastic and administrative histories before becoming part of the modern state in 2000. Colonial forestry and later environmental movements changed relationships with land. The Chipko movement involved many local participants, with women’s forest knowledge and labour central to its significance.

A Himalayan state of pilgrimage routes, forest movements, mountain communities and sacred river headwaters. Jagar ritual singing invokes deities and ancestral memory in particular communities. Harela marks seasonal renewal, while Nanda Devi traditions combine pilgrimage, local identity and sacred geography. Jaunsari and high-Himalayan communities add other cultural worlds. Aipan, ringaal basketry and food made from pulses and millets connect art with household life. Pilgrimage routes pass through fragile ecosystems and working villages; respectful travel includes attention to waste, water and local livelihoods.