Jharkhand

Munda, Santhal, Ho and other communities shaped resistance movements and regional identity before statehood in 2000. The plateau’s history includes community land systems, colonial extraction and resistance movements such as the Santhal rebellion and Birsa Munda’s movement. Mining and industry added new urban landscapes and migration. Jharkhand became a state in 2000 after a long regional movement.

A plateau state with rich Adivasi histories, sacred groves, mineral landscapes and mural traditions. Sarhul, Sohrai and Karam carry different meanings across communities; sacred groves are living religious spaces, not simply forest attractions. Seasonal songs and dances connect cultivation, kinship and the environment. Sohrai and Khovar murals are associated with different ceremonial contexts. Contemporary artists adapt them to new surfaces, while debates about land, language and community rights remain central to cultural life.